The name says it all: they pass all frequencies with unity gain (0 dB magnitude response). Their entire purpose lies in their . 2. Mathematical Definition An all-pass filter’s transfer function ( H(z) ) (in the discrete-time domain) has the general form:
[ H(z) = \fraca_2 + a_1 z^-1 + z^-21 + a_1 z^-1 + a_2 z^-2, \quad |a_2| < 1 ] allpassphase
For a first-order all-pass:
The key property: poles and zeros are . If a pole is at ( z = p ), a zero is at ( z = 1/p^* ). This reciprocal relationship ensures unity magnitude response for all frequencies. 3. Phase Response Characteristics First-Order All-Pass The phase response ( \phi(\omega) ) for a first-order all-pass is: The name says it all: they pass all